ECMAScript

What it is?

ECMAScript is a scripting language specification on which JavaScript is based. Ecma International is in charge of standardizing ECMAScript. ECMA International is an industry association dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems.

Relations to JavaScript?

In 1997, ECMAScript was created, it was based on JavaScript which was created by Netscape. ECMAScript's relation to JavaScript is like, being based on JavaScript. JavaScript was created first which happened in 1995 by Netscape, for its Netscape Navigator browser.

History of ECMAScript!

ECMAScript came in previous of 1997 because Netscape approached Ecma International in 1996. Netscape had a meeting with Ecma International to advance the standardization of JavaScript and all Scripting languages across Browsers.

In 1995, when JavaScript was created, it was primarily developed to run on web browsers, specifically the Netscape Navigator browser, which was the most popular web browser at the time. Competitors caught on to the web browser and JavaScript hype, and different browsers from different companies or vendors started to arise.

With each browser came its scripting language, as JavaScript was owned by Netscape and wasn’t a shared language. Therefore, each browser had to create their own implementations/variations of JavaScript (scripting language), due to no public shared language being available, and there was not a Standard, like HTML and CSS have — thanks to W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). For instance, Microsoft developed JScript their own scripting language version. With different scripting languages forming, it made developing a website with scripting more complicated, as you had to make separate versions of websites to work on the different web browsers. This created the need to standardise the scripting language (JavaScript code and its scripting variants by different browsers), to achieve the same functionality in all the browsers and make developing websites with scripting easier.

ECMAScript, ECMA-262 and JavaScript

ECMA-262, or the ECMAScript Language Specification, defines the ECMAScript Language, or just ECMAScript. ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core API, such as Array, Function, and globalize, while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as input-output and file-system handling.

Conformance

In 2010, Ecma International started developing a standards test for Ecma 262 ECMAScript. Test262 is an ECMAScript conformance test suite that can be used to check how closely a JavaScript implementation follows the ECMAScript Specification. The test suite contains thousands of individual tests, each of which tests some specific requirement of the ECMAScript specification. The development of Test262 is a project of the Ecma Technical Committee 39 (TC39). The testing framework and individual tests are created by member organizations of TC39 and contributed to Ecma for use in Test262. Important contributions were made by Google (Sputnik testsuite) and Microsoft who both contributed thousands of tests. The Test262 testsuite consisted of 38014 tests as of January 2020. ECMAScript specifications through ES7 are well-supported in major web browsers. The table below shows the conformance rate for current versions of software with respect to the most recent editions of ECMAScript.

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